The Border Defense Systems of Sasanian Iran
Table of contents
Share
QR
Metrics
The Border Defense Systems of Sasanian Iran
Annotation
PII
S207987840019843-6-1
Publication type
Article
Status
Published
Authors
Vladimir Dmitriev 
Affiliation: Pskov State University
Address: Russian Federation, Pskov
Liudmila Alieva
Affiliation: Pskov State University
Address: Russian Federation, Pskov
Abstract

Almost all the great ancient both Eastern and Western powers sought to secure their borders by erecting border defensive lines. In this respect, Sassanian Iran was no exception. On the borders of the Sassanid Empire at different times, but mainly during the period of the highest power of the Sasanid kingdom (4th—6th centuries CE), strong fortification systems were erected. In scale, they surpassed many of the more famous similar structures created in the Classical world. These included the Wall of the Arabs, the Wall of Gorgan, the Wall of Tammishe, Jar-i Kulbad, the Darband fortification system, and the Darial Gorge.

Keywords
border defense lines, Sasanian Iran, the Wall of the Arabs, the Wall of Gorgan, the Wall of Tammishe, Jar-i Kulbad, Derbent, the Darial Gorge
Received
29.07.2021
Publication date
30.04.2022
Number of characters
34089
Number of purchasers
14
Views
749
Readers community rating
0.0 (0 votes)
Cite Download pdf 200 RUB / 1.0 SU

To download PDF you should pay the subscribtion

Full text is available to subscribers only
Subscribe right now
Only article and additional services
Whole issue and additional services
All issues and additional services for 2022

References

1. Avdiev V. I. Voennaya istoriya Drevnego Egipta. V 2 t. T. 2. Period krupnykh vojn v Perednej Azii i Nubii v XVI—XV vv. do n.eh. M.: Sovetskaya nauka, 1959. 274 s.

2. Aleman' A. Alany v drevnikh i srednevekovykh pis'mennykh istochnikakh. M.: Menedzher, 2003. 604 s.

3. Artamonov M. I. Istoriya khazar. L.: Izd-vo Gos. Ehrmitazha, 1962. 523 s.

4. Gadzhiev M. S. Opredelenie absolyutnoj daty stroitel'stva tsitadeli i severnoj gorodskoj steny Derbenta i proizvedennykh trudozatrat (interpretatsiya srednepersidskoj nadpisi № 3) // Vestnik Instituta istorii, arkheologii i ehtnografii. 2006. № 1. S. 77—94.

5. Gadzhiev M. S. Dag-bary — Velikaya Kavkazskaya stena // Dagestanskie svyatyni. Kn. 2. Makhachkala: Ehpokha, 2008. S. 8—36.

6. Dzhafarov Yu. R. K voprosu o pervom poyavlenii sabir v Zakavkaz'e // Vestnik drevnej istorii. 1979. № 3. S. 163—172.

7. Dmitriev V. A. Sasanidskoe gosudarstvo v izvestiyakh rimskogo istorika Ammiana Martsellina // Vestnik Pskovskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. Seriya: Sotsial'no-gumanitarnye i psikhologo-pedagogicheskie nauki. 2008. Vyp. 3. S. 12—23.

8. Dmitriev V. A. «Persidskij» ehkskurs Ammiana Martsellina: Opyt istochnikovedcheskogo analiza. Pskov: PGPU, 2010. 124 s.

9. Dmitriev V. A. Mezhdu Iranom i Vizantiej: vozniknovenie Tyurkskogo kaganata i vneshnepoliticheskaya orientatsiya alan v 50-e — 70-e gg. VI v. // Kul'tury stepnoj Evrazii i ikh vzaimodejstvie s drevnimi tsivilizatsiyami. Materialy mezhdunarodnoj nauchnoj konferentsii, posvyaschennoj 110-letiyu so dnya rozhdeniya vydayuschegosya rossijskogo arkheologa M. P. Gryaznova. Kn. 2. SPb.: IIMK RAN, «Periferiya», 2012. S. 510—516.

10. Dmitriev V. A. Voiny Akhuramazdy: Voennoe delo sasanidskogo Irana i istoriya rimsko-persidskikh vojn. SPb.: Evraziya, 2018. 402 s.

11. Dmitriev V. A. O voennykh korablyakh Sasanidov // Vestnik drevnej istorii. 2018. № 4 (78). S. 909—923.

12. Dmitriev V. A. Vostochnye kampanii Shapura II // Vostok. Afro-Aziatskie obschestva: istoriya i sovremennost'. 2019. Vyp. 2. S. 49—63.

13. Dmitriev V. A. Voennyj flot Sasanidov. SPb.: Evraziya, 2019. 160 s.

14. Dmitriev V. A. Politicheskaya istoriya Irana v ehpokhu rannikh Sasanidov. SPb.: Nauka, 2019. 186 s.

15. Dmitriev V. A. K voprosu o geopoliticheskoj situatsii na Srednem Vostoke v 360—370-e gg. n.eh. // Drevnie i srednevekovye kul'tury Tsentral'noj Azii (stanovlenie, razvitie i vzaimodejstvie urbanizirovannykh i skotovodcheskikh obschestv): Materialy Mezhdunarodnoj konferentsii (10—12 noyabrya 2020 g., Sankt-Peterburg). SPb.: IIMK RAN, 2020. S. 179—180.

16. Dmitriev V. A. Aravijskie kampanii Ardashira Papakana // Vostok (Oriens). 2021. № 6. S. 131—142.

17. Kolesnikov A. I. Iran v nachale VII veka (istochniki, vnutrennyaya i vneshnyaya politika, voprosy administrativnogo deleniya). L.: Nauka, 1970. 144 s.

18. Kolesnikov A. I. Deyaniya Khosrova I Anushirvana (531—579) v osveschenii srednevekovykh istochnikov // Akademicheskoe vostokovedenie v Rossii i stranakh blizhnego zarubezh'ya (2007—2015): Arkheologiya, istoriya, kul'tura. SPb.: Kontrast, 2015. S. 314—326.

19. Kudryavtsev A. A., Gadzhiev M. S. Podvodnye arkheologicheskie issledovaniya v akvatorii Derbenta // Problemy istorii, filologii, kul'tury. 2002. № 12. S. 396—414.

20. Perevalov S. M. Alanskij nabeg 136 g. n.eh. v strany Zakavkaz'ya: problemnye voprosy // Antichnaya tsivilizatsiya i varvary / Otv. red. L. P. Marinovich. M.: Nauka, 2006. S. 318—335.

21. Pigulevskaya N. V. Sirijskie istochniki po istorii narodov SSSR. M.; L.: Izdatel'stvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1941. 171 s.

22. Polyakova G. F. Ot mikenskikh dvortsov k polisu // Antichnaya Gretsiya. V 2 t. T. 1. Stanovlenie i razvitie polisa. M.: Nauka, 1983. S. 89—127.

23. Razin E. A. Istoriya voennogo iskusstva. V 3 t. T. 1. Istoriya voennogo iskusstva XXXI v. do n. eh. — VI v. n. eh. SPb.: OOO «Izdatel'stvo Poligon», 1999. 560 s.

24. Tullagov A. A. Dar'yal — «vorota alan» // NARTAMONGÆ. 2018. T. 13. № 1, 2. S. 249—308.

25. Khan-Magomedov S. O. Derbent. Gornaya stena. Auly Tabasarana. M.: Iskusstvo, 1979. 286 s.

26. Alibaigi S. The Gawri Wall: a Possible Partho-Sasanian Structure in the Western Foothills of the Zagros Mountains // Antiquity. 2019. Vol. 93(370) [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/gawri-wall-a-possible-parthosasanian-structure-in-the-western-foothills-of-the-zagros-mountains/C0BAF0AB27D9349C3DAD4D9F33F5324C (data obrascheniya: 26.11.2020).

27. Ancient 115-km-Long Gawri Wall discovered in Western Iran // Iran Press. 05 November 2019 [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://iranpress.com/content/15463 (data obrascheniya: 26.11.2020).

28. Bivar A. D. H., Fehérvári G. The Walls of Tammisha // Iran. 1966. Vol. 4. P. 35—50.

29. Bivar A. D. H. Gorgān v. Pre-Islamic History // Encyclopaedia Iranica [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://iranicaonline.org/articles/gorgan-v (data obrascheniya: 14.12.2020).

30. den Boeft J., Drijvers J. W., den Hengst D., Teitler H. C. Philological and Historical Commentary on Ammianus Marcellinus XXIV. Leiden: Brill, 2002. 306 p.

31. Charlesworth M. Preliminary Report on a Newly-Discovered Extension of “Alexander’s Wall” // Iran. 1987. Vol. 25. P. 160—165.

32. Christensen A. L’Iran sous les Sassanides. Copenhague: Ejnar Munksgaard, 1944. 560 p.

33. Daryaee T. (ed.) Šahrestānīhā ī Ērānšahr. A Middle Persian Text on Late Antique Geography, Epic, and History with English and Persian Translations and Commentary by T. Daryaee. Costa Mesa (CA): Mazda Publishers, Inc., 2002. 90 p.

34. Daryaee T. If These Walls Could Speak. The Barrier of Alexander, Wall of Darband and Other Defensive Moats // Borders. Itineraries on the Edges of Iran / Ed. by S. Pello. Venice: Ca’ Foscari, 2016. P. 79—88.

35. Dmitriev V. ‘They are in the habit of sailing in big crafts’: what kinds of warships did the Sasanids use? // International Journal of Maritime History. 2019. Vol. 31 (2). P. 222—232.

36. Dmitriev V. The Sasanian Navy Revisited: An Unwritten Chapter in Iran’s Military History // International Journal of Maritime History. 2017. Vol. 29 (4). P. 727—737.

37. Frye R. N. The Sasanian System of Walls for Defense // Studies in Memory of Gaston Wiet / Ed. by M. Rosen-Ayalon. Jerusalem: The Hebrew University, 1977. P. 7—15.

38. Gadjiev M. On the Construction Date of the Derbend Fortification Complex // Iran and the Caucasus. 2008. Vol. 12 (1). P. 1—15.

39. Gadjiev M. Dagh Bary // Encyclopaedia Iranica [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dagh-bary (data obrascheniya: 26.11.2020).

40. Kleiss W. Fortifications // Encyclopaedia Iranica. Vol. 10. 2001 [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://iranicaonline.org/articles/fortifications- (data obrascheniya: 19.11.2020).

41. Marquart J. Ērānšahr nach der Geographie des Ps. Moses Xorenac‘i. Mit historisch-kritischem Kommentar und historischen und topographischen Excursen. Berlin: Weidmann, 1901.

42. Marquart J. Untersuchungen zur Geschichte von Eran // Zeitschrift für das classische Altertum. 1905. Supplementband 10. H. 1. S. 1—258.

43. Morony M. G. Iraq after the Muslim Conquest. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1984.

44. Nokandeh J., Sauer E. W., Rekavandi H. O., Wilkinson T., Abbasi G. A., Schwenninger J.-L., Mahmoudi M., Parker D., Fattahi M., Usher-Wilson L. S., Ershadi M., Ratcliffe J., Gale R. Linear Barriers of Northern Iran: the Great Wall of Gorgan and the Wall of Tammishe // Iran. 2006. Vol. 44. P. 121—173.

45. Rekavandi H. O., Sauer E., Wilkinson T., Nokandeh J. The Enigma of the “Red Snake”. Revealing one of the World’s Greatest Frontier Walls // Current World of Archaeology. 2008. No 27. P. 13 [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://www.shca.ed.ac.uk/staff/supporting_files/esauer/iranian_walls.pdf (data obrascheniya: 14.12.2020).

46. Rodier A. Mais pourquoi les Saoudiens érigent-ils une barrière de 900 km avec l’Irak s’ils sont les principaux sponsors des califoutraques islamiques? // Atlantico. 09 septembre 2014 [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://www.atlantico.fr/decryptage/1742319/mais-pourquoi-les-saoudiens-erigent-ils-une-barriere-de-900-km-avec-irak-ils-sont-les-principaux-sponsors-des-califoutraques-islamiques-alain-rodier (data obrascheniya: 11.11.2020).

47. Stein A. Innermost Asia. Detailed Report of Explorations in Central Asia, Kan-su and Eastern Īrān. Vol. 2. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1928. P. 549—1159.

48. Talbert R. J. A. (ed.) Barrington Atlas of the Greek and Roman World. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2000.

49. Vasmer R., Bosworth C. E. Māzandarān // The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition. Vol. 6. Mahk—Mid. Leiden: Brill, 1991. P. 935—942.

50. Yaqout. Dictionnaire géographique, historique et littéraire de la Perse et des contrées adjacentes, extrait du “Mo’djem el-Bouldan” de Yaqout, et complété à l’aide de documents arabes et persans pour la plupart inédits / par C. Barbier de Meynard. P.: Imprimerie impériale, 1861.

Comments

No posts found

Write a review
Translate