Micropolities Within the British Empire: a Special Path of Historical and Political Development
Table of contents
Share
QR
Metrics
Micropolities Within the British Empire: a Special Path of Historical and Political Development
Annotation
PII
S207987840032331-3-1
Publication type
Article
Status
Published
Authors
Evgenii Morozov 
Affiliation: Yaroslav-the-Wise Novgorod State University
Address: Russian Federation, Veliky Novgorod
Abstract

The article is devoted to the problems of the history and evolution of the political status of micropolities within the British Empire in the colonial and post-colonial periods. A micropolity, as a small and relatively isolated territory, is a space of complex and multidimensional processes. As a rule, they move more slowly and do not always repeat similar phenomena over large areas. The article examines micropolities that are of great strategic importance or have become objects of international territorial disputes: Malta, Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Gibraltar, British Indian Ocean Territory (Chagos). Of the micropolities examined, only Malta received full independence. The remaining territories did not receive such independence, primarily because third countries claim them: Spain to Gibraltar, and Mauritius to Chagos. Akrotiri and Dhekelia are located in the complex Cyprus crisis area involving both island states, as well as Turkey. In addition, all these micropolities retain important military-strategic significance for Great Britain; and Chagos is also an American military base. Despite the small size of micropolities, their history is accompanied by a range of political, economic and international problems that are far from being resolved. These factors prevented their decolonization and made them important objects of political processes of the post-colonial era.

Keywords
micropolities, British Empire, colonialism, territorial disputes, international relations, Malta, Cyprus, Akrotiri, Dhekelia, Gibraltar, Chagos
Received
09.04.2024
Publication date
30.09.2024
Number of characters
39214
Number of purchasers
5
Views
47
Readers community rating
5.0 (1 votes)
Cite Download pdf 200 RUB / 1.0 SU

To download PDF you should pay the subscribtion

Full text is available to subscribers only
Subscribe right now
Only article and additional services
Whole issue and additional services
All issues and additional services for 2024

References

1. Abashidze A. Kh., Kopylov S. M. Anglo-saksonskaya kolonial'naya politika skvoz' prizmu sovremennogo mezhdunarodnogo pravosudiya // Evrazijskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2019. № 11 (138). S. 24—26.

2. Batyr' V. A. Pravovye posledstviya otdeleniya arkhipelaga Chagos ot Mavrikiya v 1965 g. (obzor konsul'tativnogo zaklyucheniya Mezhdunarodnogo Suda OON ot 25 fevralya 2019 g. i rezolyutsii General'noj Assamblei OON ot 17 maya 2019 g.) // Vestnik Universiteta imeni O. E. Kutafina (MGYuA). 2020. № 12 (76). S. 135—145.

3. Bykov Y. Decolonization of Southern Europe and the Schemes of Security Maintaining in the Changing World. Comparative Experience of Cyprus and Malta // ISTORIYA. 2015. Vol. 6. Is. 2 (35). URL: https://history.jes.su/s207987840000990-8-1/

4. Bykov Y. Security Concept in the UK Mediterranean Strategy (the Insular and Peninsular Cases): 1969—1975 // ISTORIYA. 2015. Vol. 6. Is. 11 (44). URL: https://history.jes.su/s207987840001457-1-2/

5. Vtoraya mirovaya vojna na more. Minsk: Kharvest, 2002.

6. Gritsak E. N. Mal'ta. M.: Veche, 2005.

7. Irkhin I. V. Publichno-pravovoj status Britanskoj territorii v Indijskom okeane kak zamorskoj territorii Korolevstva Velikobritanii i Severnoj Irlandii // Gosudarstvo i pravo. 2017. № 11. S. 100—105.

8. Lebedeva N. B. Mavrikij — ostrovnoe gosudarstvo v Indijskom okeane. M.: Znanie, 1991.

9. Morozov E. V. Akrotiri i Dekeliya: britanskie zamorskie territorii na Kipre (istoriya i sovremennost') // Istoricheskij byulleten'. 2023. T. 6. № 1. S. 73—78.

10. Morozov E. V. Gibraltar i Zapadnoe Sredizemnomor'e v mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniyakh Novogo i Novejshego vremeni. SPb.: Izdatel'stvo SPbGU, 2010.

11. Morozov E. V. Gibraltarskij vopros v mezhdunarodnykh otnosheniyakh perioda Vtoroj mirovoj vojny. // Gumanitarnye nauchnye issledovaniya. Maj, 2013. [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://human.snauka.ru/2013/05/3117 (data obrascheniya: 15.02.2024).

12. Morozov E. V. Zakhvat Angliej Gibraltara i ego posledstviya // Istoricheskij Byulleten'. 2021. T. 4. № 1. S. 97—99.

13. Morozov E. V. Problema arkhipelaga Chagos v britansko-mavrikijskikh otnosheniyakh vtoroj poloviny XX v. — nachala XXI v. // Gumanitarnye nauchnye issledovaniya. Maj, 2013. [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://human.snauka.ru/2013/05/3151 (data obrascheniya: 14.04.2024).

14. Morozov E. V. Problema statusa Gibraltara vo vtoroj polovine 1940-kh gg. — 1960-kh gg. // Klio. 2021. № 6 (174). S. 70—76.

15. Nefedova M. B., Nefedov B. I. Gosudarstva i obrazovaniya, chasto ob'yavlyaemye gosudarstvami. Ch. 1. Otlichitel'nye priznaki gosudarstva i osobennosti karlikovykh gosudarstv // Evrazijskij yuridicheskij zhurnal. 2018. № 4 (119).

16. Okunev I. Yu. Geopolitika mikrogosudarstv. M.: «MGIMO-Universitet», 2014.

17. Sergeev E. Yu. Nepokorennyj ostrov: geroicheskaya oborona Mal'ty vo Vtoroj mirovoj vojne. SPb.: Evraziya, 2020.

18. Sizov S. Yu. Sovremennaya Mal'ta. M.: Ehkonomika, 2008.

19. 1956 Integration Referendum. [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://vassallohistory.wordpress.com/parliament/referenda/ (data obrascheniya: 09.04.2024).

20. 2002 Referendum. [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://www.gibnet.com/texts/ref2.htm (data obrascheniya: 25.02.2024).

21. British Overseas Territories Act 2002. [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2002/8/contents (data obrascheniya: 18.01.2024).

22. Constitution of Malta, 21 September 1964 [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://legislation.mt/eli/const/eng/pdf (data obrascheniya: 03.04.2024).

23. Cyprus Bill: debated on Thursday 14 July 1960. The Secretary of State for the Colonies (Mr. Fain Macleod) // UK Parliament. Hansard. Commons. 14 July 1960. [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Commons/1960-07-14/debates/812ce625-7ce8-4899-8ec4-195751df5fe6/CyprusBill?highlight=akrotiri#contribution-0e068453-3f57-412a-8cc2-d22c691f8ec0 (data obrascheniya: 17.01.2024).

24. Declaration by the Government of the United Kingdom, 11 February 1959 // Documents on International Affairs 1959 / ed. G. King. L.: Oxford University Press, 1963. [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://www.kypros.org/Constitution/treaty.htm (data obrascheniya: 05.01.2024).

25. Dobie E. Malta Asks for Closer Union with Great Britain // World Affaires. Vol. 119. No. 1. Spring 1956. P. 17—19.

26. Documents Regarding Cyprus Signed and Initialed at Lancaster House, London, February 19, 1959 // Documents on International Affairs 1959 / ed. G. King. L.: Oxford University Press, 1963. [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://www.kypros.org/Constitution/treaty.htm (data obrascheniya: 05.01.2024).

27. Edwards J. Anglo-American Relations and the Franco Question. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1999.

28. Freedman L. Strategic Studies in Britain and the Cold War’s Last Decade // War, Strategy and History. Essays in Honour of Professor Robert O’Neill. Canberra: ANU Press, 2016. P. 107—120.

29. Howes H. W. The Story of Gibraltar. L.: Philip & Tacey Ltd, 1946.

30. Hughes Q. Britain in the Mediterranean and the Defense of Her Naval Stations. Liverpool: Penpaled Books, 1981.

31. Jackson A. The British Empire and the Second World War. L.: Bloomsbury Academic, 2006.

32. Jackson W. The Rock of the Gibraltarians. L.: UNKNO, 1990.

33. Keesing’s Contemporary Archives. Weekly Diary of Important World Events with Index continually kept up-to-date. Vol. 16 (1967—1968). L.: Longman, 1968.

34. Luke H. Malta: An Account and an Appreciation. L.: George G. Harrap & Co, 1965.

35. Malta: Church and State // Foreign Affaires. Vol. 9. No. 1 (October 1930). P. 157—160.

36. Military Construction Appropriation Act 1975. Washington, 1975. P. 59. [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://www.fordlibrarymuseum.gov/library/document/0055/1668946.pdf (data obrascheniya: 10.04.2024).

37. Official reports since 1894 on Gibraltar as a naval base // Hansard Parliamentary Debates. House of Commons. Vol. 97. L.: Hansard, 1901.

38. Request for Advisory Opinion transmitted to the Court pursuant to General Assembly resolution 71/292 (A/71/L.73) of 22 June 2017. [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://www.icj-cij.org/files/case-related/169/169-20170623-REQ-01-00-EN.pdf (data obrascheniya: 10.04.2024).

39. Rudolf U. J. Historical Dictionary of Malta. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, 2018.

40. Sand P. H. United States and Britain in Diego Garcia: the future of a controversial base. N. Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009.

41. The Earl of Listowel speech. UK Parliament, Hansard, Lords: Malta Independence Bill, 28 July 1964. [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1964-07-28/debates/5c5ea347-43dc-47d3-a6c0-75137753dcad/MaltaIndependenceBill?highlight=malta#contribution-612c4929-0f3a-48b7-8f76-7d196c4abcb8 (data obrascheniya: 09.04.2024).

42. The Gibraltar Constitution Issued 1969. [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: http://www.gibnet.com/texts/con1969.htm (data obrascheniya: 25.02.2024).

43. The Lord President of the Council and Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations (The Earl of Home) speech. UK Parliament, Hansard, Lords: 4 July 1960. [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/1960-07-04/debates/f7001624-7eb9-41f6-86fd-580c0350000a/Cyprus?highlight=akrotiri#contribution-7a4dcdf6-441a-49e9-b8cd-52e8259ed0b0 (data obrascheniya: 17.01.2024).

44. The Spanish Red Book on Gibraltar. Madrid: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1965.

45. Treaty Concerning the Establishment of the Republic of Cyprus, Signed at Nicosia, on 16 August 1960. [Ehlektronnyj resurs]. URL: https://www.mfa.gr/images/docs/kypriako/treaty_of_establishment.pdf (data obrascheniya: 10.01.2024).

46. Zammit T. Malta. The Islands and Their History. Valletta: The Malta Herald, 1926.

Comments

Write a review
Translate